Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce an adequate amount of thyroid hormones, which play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism.
As a result of hypothyroidism, the slowing of metabolism leads to various symptoms. Patients often complain of fatigue, weight gain, depression, intolerance to cold, constipation, hair loss, dry skin, and other related issues.
Hypothyroidism can be caused by various factors that impair or reduce the function of the thyroid gland. The most common cause is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, where the body's immune system mistakenly targets and attacks thyroid cells, gradually leading to damage and reduced thyroid hormone production.
Other causes may include radiation therapy, iodine deficiency, certain medications (such as amiodarone),postpartum thyroiditis, or surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
In some cases, hypothyroidism can result from congenital thyroid disorders or dysfunction of the pituitary gland, which regulates thyroid hormone production by stimulating the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism, when left untreated, results from an insufficient production of thyroid hormones that play a crucial role in metabolism. As a result, it leads to a slowing down of metabolism, causing various symptoms. These symptoms can vary from person to person but tend to develop slowly and worsen over time. Some common symptoms include:
If left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to severe health problems such as heart disease. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience these symptoms.
The diagnosis of hypothyroidism can be made through various diagnostic tests, including the measurement of thyroid hormone levels in the blood and an evaluation of symptoms. One of the key tests for diagnosing hypothyroidism is the thyroid hormone test, which typically includes the measurement of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone),T3, and T4 levels.
TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls the function of the thyroid gland. When thyroid hormone levels are low, TSH levels increase to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormones. Therefore, a high TSH level in the blood is a significant indicator of hypothyroidism.
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease that can cause hypothyroidism, can be diagnosed by testing for specific antibodies in the blood. The presence of antibodies that attack the thyroid gland indicates Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.
Thyroid ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging method used to detect abnormalities in the thyroid gland, such as nodules, and to differentiate between cystic and solid nodules.
Thyroid scintigraphy, or a radioactive iodine scan, is employed to assess the function of the thyroid gland. This test helps determine if the thyroid gland or thyroid nodules are active or inactive.
These tests, in combination with a clinical evaluation of the patient's symptoms and medical history, are used to diagnose hypothyroidism. If you suspect you have hypothyroidism, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation and appropriate diagnostic testing.
Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. There are different types of hypothyroidism, including:
Primary hypothyroidism results from a problem within the thyroid gland itself. It can occur due to direct damage to the thyroid gland, autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or as a consequence of thyroid surgery.
Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by an issue with the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. When the pituitary gland is damaged or dysfunctional, it may affect the secretion of TSH, leading to an inadequate production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
Tertiary hypothyroidism results from a dysfunction in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls the release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),which, in turn, affects TSH secretion by the pituitary gland. Damage or dysfunction in the hypothalamus can disrupt the production of TRH, reducing the secretion of TSH from the pituitary gland, and subsequently hindering the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
Tertiary hypothyroidism is less common and should be diagnosed and treated. Without proper treatment, it can lead to severe complications.
Hypothyroidism can also occur before or after birth. Fetal hypothyroidism, occurring before birth, is due to maternal thyroid hormone deficiency during pregnancy. Postnatal hypothyroidism can develop in childhood or adulthood and is characterized by an insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, leading to related symptoms.
The treatment for hypothyroidism involves replacing the deficient thyroid hormone. This is achieved by using a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone called Levothyroxine, which is administered orally. Typically, it is taken once a day on an empty stomach. The dosage of the medication is adjusted based on the individual's condition, age, weight, gender, and, most importantly, their blood levels of thyroid hormones.
The external administration of thyroid hormone through medication helps boost metabolism, regulate energy levels, and alleviate symptoms such as weight gain, heart problems, constipation, dry skin, and hair loss. Since this treatment is usually lifelong for many patients, the blood levels of thyroid hormone should be regularly monitored, and medication dosages adjusted accordingly. The initial dose of T4 medication is kept low, and it is gradually increased based on the patient's symptoms and blood levels of thyroid hormones.
After starting the treatment, existing symptoms often improve within a few weeks. Thyroid hormone levels return to normal. However, in some patients, symptoms may not completely disappear, and adjustments to the medication dosage may be necessary.
During medication use, some patients may experience side effects, such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, sweating, digestive issues, headaches, or palpitations. These symptoms often occur at lower doses and can be reduced with dosage adjustments.
Nutrition in hypothyroidism involves incorporating certain foods that can affect the production of thyroid hormones. Dietary recommendations include consuming iodine-rich foods while being cautious not to exceed iodine intake. Foods rich in iodine include dairy products, eggs, and seafood.
It is advisable to include antioxidant-rich foods in the diet, such as fruits, vegetables, thyme, rosemary, and other spices. Gluten-free foods may help alleviate symptoms, so incorporating gluten-free options is recommended.
Omega-3 fatty acids, found in tuna, walnuts, and flaxseeds, can potentially boost thyroid hormone production. On the other hand, reducing caffeine intake is advised, as it may decrease thyroid hormone production (limiting consumption of coffee, tea, cola, etc.).
Soy and soy products should be consumed in moderation, as they may exacerbate hypothyroidism. Therefore, limited intake of these products is recommended.
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Prof. Dr. Sezai AydınGeneral Surgery Turkey
PROF. DR. SEZAI AYDIN
